Effects of DNA demethylation with rich intake of CYP2E1, glutathione and decarboxylase enzymes on cholesterol of smokers in the printing industry in Surabaya
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31989/ffs.v5i10.1701Abstract
Introduction: Toluene is a chemical solvent widely used in the printing industry that can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induce oxidative stress, leading to lipid peroxidation.
Aims: This study investigates the effect of toluene exposure on malondialdehyde (MDA) and cholesterol levels and evaluates the potential protective role of a dietary enzyme-enriched beverage.
Methods: This research employed a pre-experimental design without a control group. The study population included all workers at Airlangga University Press and PT. Graha Cipta Pustaka in Surabaya, totaling 26 individuals. A sample of 15 workers was selected for analysis. Participants consumed a powdered beverage enriched with CYP2E1 and decarboxylase enzymes (10 g/day dissolved in 200 mL water, administered once daily for 14 days). Blood samples were collected before and after the intervention to measure MDA and cholesterol. Data were analyzed using a paired sample t-test. Dropout handling was performed by oversampling beyond the minimum required sample size.
Results: Before intervention, 66.7% of participants had elevated cholesterol levels (≥200 mg/dL). After the intervention, this proportion decreased to 13.3%. Mean cholesterol levels declined significantly (65.13 mg/dL reduction, p<0.001). MDA levels also showed improvement, particularly among smokers.
Conclusion: Consumption of a CYP2E1 and decarboxylase-enriched beverage significantly reduced cholesterol and MDA levels in toluene-exposed workers. The absence of a control group is acknowledged as a limitation, and future studies should adopt randomized controlled designs.
Novelty: This study is among the first to explore enzyme-based dietary intervention for mitigating oxidative stress biomarkers in toluene-exposed workers. It highlights a practical approach for occupational health management in industries with solvent exposure.
Keywords: Toluene exposure; DNA demethylation; CYP2E1 enzyme; Cholesterol; Oxidative stress; Printing industry workers
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 FFS/Functional Food Science
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors retain the copyright of their articles and grant the Functional Food Center (FFC) and its journals the right of first publication under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, including commercial use, provided the original author(s) and source are properly credited. Authors may post and share their published work freely, provided that the original publication in this journal is acknowledged.
By submitting to this journal, authors confirm that their manuscripts are original, not under consideration elsewhere, and that they hold the necessary rights to grant this license. The Functional Food Center encourages open scientific exchange and allows derivative and extended works, provided attribution to the original publication is maintained.